The first sacral building, which came into being as a spin-off from the construction of the Třebíč Monastery, was St. Benediktus' Chapel consecrated by the Bishop of Prague Heřman already in 1104 during the rule of the first Abbot of Třebíč Kuna.

In 1109 Jan II, the Bishop of Olomouc consecrated the original monastery church, which housed a patrocinium of the Assumption of Virgin Mary. None of these buildings, however, survived to the present. Therefore, it is not clear where they were exactly located although it can be assumed that both buildings ceded ground to the construction of a new basilica, which was finished around the mid-thirteenth century (probably between 1240 and 1260). The basilica, which functioned as abbot's temple with the partocinium of the Assumption of Virgin Mary, was without any doubt the most intricately-constructed building in the whole monastery compound. In fact it is the only building in the Třebíč Monastery that has been preserved up to the present within its original ground plan and architectural layout. The basilica is a jewel of European medieval architecture. Its design represents a transition between the Romanesque style and the Gothic style. Its construction was influenced by a late-Romanesque building school that had come to this region from southwestern France by way of Burgundy and Upper Rhine.

Just like the rest of the monastery the basilica suffered a lot of damage during the siege of Třebíč by Hungarian troops in 1468. Later it was repaired and adapted several times and since the early sixteenth century it was used mostly for secular purposes. It was not until 1704 that Jan Karel of Valdštejn ordered an adaptation of the least severely damaged part of the basilica, i.e. its presbytery, to a castle chapel dedicated to St. Procopus. A really thorough renovation of the basilica, however, was carried out no earlier than between 1725 and 1731 during the rule of Jan Josef of Valdštejn. The architect F. M. Kaňka was in charge of the renovation. He took down the original derelict vaulting and replaced it with a Baroque reticulated stucco vault. At that time its two towers in the style of Baroque Gothic were built. One of the most precious parts of the basilica, the portal, was not discovered until 1862. The portal was enclosed by the wall that separated the western portal from the basilica itself. The final stage of the renovation was carried out between 1924 and 1934 according to the designs of the architect Kamil Hilbert. In 1956 the reconstruction of the destroyed southern apical chapel with an apse was finished. Aside from the above-mentioned northern nave with the portal, there are also surviving wall paintings in abbot's chapel and the crypt located under the church that deserve our special attention. The crypt was connected to the basilica in 1996.